The testing methodology was practically the same as our LineageOS test.
Testing methodology.
A Computer was used as a Hotspot running both Network Miner 2.8 and Wireshark to log all network request
Pixel 5 was installed with the latest version of GrapheneOS (August 2023)
Setup was completed without connecting to WiFi or a cellular network
There was no SIM card in while installing, setting up, or testing
After setup was complete, WiFi was connected to the computer running the Hotspot
After a base line was logged, we turned on GPS
Screenshot of Wireshark with DNS filter.
connectivitycheck.grapheneos.network
time.grapheneos.org
apps.grapheneos.org
releases.grapheneos.org
Total bandwidth sent and received for each IP
Some of the IP’s are used for different services. For instance the apps and releases sub domains use the same IP address.
connectivitycheck.grapheneos.network and time.grapheneos.org – 25.794 KiB
apps.grapheneos.org and releases.grapheneos.org – 39.468 KiB
Total – 65.262 KiB
Turning on GPS
After turning on the GPS toggle, there was a DNS query for
qualcomm.psds.grapheneos.org
This will download the files needed to speed up the GPS speed and accuracy. You can turn this off in the Settings -> Location -> Predicted Satellite Data Service (PSDS)
You can also enable/disable the Secure User Plan Location (SUPL)
This was a fairly simple test to see what network connections a fresh LineageOS install on a Google Pixel 5 makes. During the initial setup, GPS was disabled. After we set it up and got a base line, we turned GPS on to see what DNS requests it made.
Testing methodology.
A Computer was used as a Hotspot running both Network Miner 2.8 and Wireshark to log all network request
Pixel 5 was installed with the latest version of LineageOS 20 (August 2023)
Setup was completed without connecting to WiFi or a cellular network
There was no SIM card in while installing, setting up, or testing
After setup was complete, WiFi was connected to the computer running the Hotspot
After a base line was logged, we turned on GPS
GApps were not installed.
Fresh Install Network Requests
After setup was complete, we connected the Pixel 5 to the PC running NetworkMiner and Wireshark. It immediately made a handful of requests to the following 5 domain names
www.google.com
connectivitycheck.gstatic.com
time.android.com
g.co
firebaseinstallations.googleapis.com
connectivitycheck.gstatic.com is used to detect if the current network has internet and also to detect if there is a captive portal that you need to log into.
time.android.com would be to check the time and make sure it is correct.
Not sure what the extra 3 are used for. It is possible that firebaseinstallations.googleapis.com is used for the Android System Intelligence, or some other app that comes by default on LineageOS.
The following NetworkMiner screenshot shows all the IP addresses that were returned for the DNS queries. Note that a DNS query can return multiple IP addresses for a domain name, and then the device only use one of those IP addresses to transmit traffic.
A couple of normal network broadcast, multicast, and gateway addresses are blurred out as they are normal for devices on a local network.
Here is a Wireshark screenshot for all the DNS requests.
Total bandwidth sent and received for each IP
Using Wireshark, we were able to get a total amount of data sent and received for each of the domains.
www.google.com – 12.976 KiB
connectivitycheck.gstatic.com – 1.497 KiB
time.android.com 270 bytes
g.co – 21.883 KiB,
firebaseinstallations.googleapis.com – 16.225 KiB
Total for Pixel 5 – 52.851 KiB
Turning on GPS
Turning on GPS immediately led to a connection to xtrapath5.xboxprod.izatcloud.net.
The four lines are just different IP’s for the same domain.
From the Location settings, we can toggle on or off the “Use assisted GPS”.
The settings say the following about Assisted GPS “Download satellite assistance data from the internet which can greatly improve the GPS startup performance. For emergency calls, assisted GPS is always allowed”
Essentially, it will download some files that help your phone find satellites faster which will get you a faster GPS lock. Without it, it can take awhile to find your position.
During the initial setup (First screenshot below), you can toggle on/off Assisted GPS. By default, Android System Intelligence and the Browser are allowed to use Location.
Hopefully that is a helpful overview of the default LineageOS network connections and what some of them are used for.
Make sure Bubbles is on in the system settings. When you receive a message that supports bubbles, there should be a little button on the notification. Tap it to pop the message out into a bubble.
How to pop the bubbled “Unbubble” conversation
Unbubbling a conversation is the exact same steps. When you receive a notification, tap the unbubble button. That conversation will now not bubble.
Acropalypse is a vulnerability in Google’s markup editor (and Windows Snipping Tool). It allows an attacker to recover parts of a cropped or marked up image.
There are a couple specific steps you have to follow for the bug to happen.
Take a screenshot
Save screenshot
Crop or markup screenshot in Google Markup or the Windows Snipping Tool
Save screenshot with the same name as original screenshot
The bug is when you save the cropped screenshot with the same name, it overwrites the original file, but the markup tools are not resizing or truncating the file. Meaning that there is extra data in the screenshot.
For example in the following two screenshots, notice the size and dimensions
Here is the first screenshot
The second screenshot shows smaller dimensions because it was cropped, but the size is still the same.
Am I affected?
Potentially. Most images are reprocessed if they are being uploaded to a web service. Discord only started doing that in January. So if you have images on Discord before then, you may want to look into that.
You also have to specifically overwrite the original screenshot image. If you don’t normally save the image first you may be fine. Never hurts to check though.
macOS and so presumably iOS, appear to properly resize the image after cropping has taken place. That would lead me to suspect that iOS and macOS devices are not vulnerable to a variant of apocalypse.
Twitter Post about acropalypse.
Introducing acropalypse: a serious privacy vulnerability in the Google Pixel's inbuilt screenshot editing tool, Markup, enabling partial recovery of the original, unedited image data of a cropped and/or redacted screenshot. Huge thanks to @David3141593 for his help throughout! pic.twitter.com/BXNQomnHbr
It is sometimes helpful to pull an APK from a working device so you can install it on a different device. These commands should work on an emulator, phone, tablet, or other Android device. You just need to be able to connect with ABD.
Connect to device with ADB
View installed apps
Find path for APK
Pull/Download APK
View Installed Apps
This will display a list of all the installed packages.
adb shell pm list packages
Find path for specific App/APK
Replace com.android.apk with the app of interest.
adb shell pm path com.android.apk
Pull APK to local machine
Pull/Download the APK of interest to your local machine with the following command. Change the path “/data/app/…” to the path returned from the previous command.
adb shell pull /data/app/info/base.apk
You can view the following link for more information.
In this case our second user id is 11. To get a list of APKs installed for our second user we would specify the –user= option
adb shell pm list packages --user=11
To get the path for the app we would run it with
adb shell pm path --user=11 com.android.apk
Split APKs
Split APKs can be slightly more difficult to manage, mainly due to the fact that there are multiple APKs to keep track of.
When you run the “pm path” command, it should return multiple APKs. Use the pull command like normal, but download each APK.
You’ll need to use a split APK installer to install all the APKs.
PowerShell script for Pulling/Downloading all APKs on Device
The following PowerShell script will download all APKs for a specific user and put them in their own folders.
Copy the contents to a .ps1 file
Enable ps1 execution policy if not already enabled
Run PowerShell script.
This script will pull all the APKs off of a device and put them in the current folder. It will also download split APKs.
# adbapkbackup uses adb to get a list of all the APKs you have on a phone and then
# Creates folders for each app and downloads the APKs for those apps.
# Copy and save code as a ps1 file
# Enable ps1 scripts to run on your computer by launching an Admin promopt and running
# set-executionpolicy remotesigned
# If you are in a secondary profile, add and/or modify
# "--user 15"
# to your user id
# adb shell pm list users
# If in secondary profile, add "--user 15" after packages before > apklist.txt
adb shell pm list packages --user 15 > apklist.txt
$apks = ((Get-Content .\apklist.txt)) -replace 'package:',''
ForEach ($apk in $apks) {
echo "APK is $apk"
md $apk
# If in secondary profile, add "--user 15" after path, before $file
adb shell pm path $apk
$filepath = ((adb shell pm path --user 15 $apk | % {$_.replace("package:","")}))
ForEach ($lapk in $filepath | % {$_.replace("package:","")}) {
echo "pulling $lapk $apk"
adb pull $lapk $apk
}
}
Ran into the above issue while trying to build a Unity project. Android studio had the correct version installed, why was it not able to use API level 30?
Ok So hit Update Android SDK. Unity Launches a PowerShell window and tries to upgrade the Android SDK level, but fails with
“Unable to install additional SDK platform. Please run the SDK Manager manually to make sure you have the latest set of tools and the required platforms installed.”
Looks like there was a bug with the space in the path to the command Unity was running.
Looks like there are a couple of work arounds for this. I had Android Studio installed so I opened up that folder and copied that platform version to my unity folder.
Copy Android platform from Android Studio to Unity Folder
Android Studio folder should be in AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\platforms
Unity Project folder should be “C:\Program Files\Unity\Hub\Editor\2020.3.19f1\Editor\Data\PlaybackEngines\AndroidPlayer\SDK\platforms”
You should now be able to build the project in Unity now with the appropriate API version.
C# Code for rotating a player in Unity by swiping on the screen.
This is actually really simple to do. Create a script called PlayerRotation or something, then put in the following code.
public float speed;
void Update()
{
// Touch controls for rotation
if (Input.touchCount > 0 && Input.GetTouch(0).phase == TouchPhase.Moved)
{
Vector2 touchDeltaPosition = Input.GetTouch(0).deltaPosition;
// Rotate Player. Could change Rotate to Translate to move the player.
transform.Rotate(0, touchDeltaPosition.x * speed, 0);
}
Assign the Script to the player and specify the speed in the Unity Inspector. The public float speed variable will increase or decrease how fast you rotate around. You can also set it to a negative number to rotate the opposite direction you drag with your finger.
Restoring a Pixel to the factory image is a pretty straight forward operation if you are familiar with fastboot and adb. This guide assumes you have fastboot already installed and setup in your user path. If not you can refer to the following link for more information.
WARNING – THESE STEPS WILL DELETE ALL USER DATA OFF THE DEVICE.
