Here is a list of terms associated with power issues.
| Name | Definition |
| Fault | Momentary loss of power |
| Blackout | Prolonged power outage |
| Sag | Momentary low voltage |
| Brownout | Prolonged Low voltage |
| Spike | Momentary spike in voltage |
| Surge | Extended spike in voltage |
| Inrush | Initial voltage “surge” when a device is plugged in |
Here is a visual image.
There are three types of law. Criminal, civil, and administrative.
| Type of Law | Examples | Standard of Proof | Burden of Proof | Penalty |
| Criminal Law | Murder, assault, robbery, arson | Beyond a reasonable doubt | Innocent until proven guilty | Fines, Jail, Prison, Death penalty |
| Civil Law | Property Disputes, Personal injury | Preponderance of evidence | Claimant must give proof (most cases) | Compensation for injuries/damage |
| Administrative Law | Define standards of performance and conduct for major industries, organizations and government agencies |
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Civil_Law_vs_Criminal_Law
The following is a list of “good to know” legislative acts.
| Acronym | Name | Notes |
| CFAA | Computer Fraud and Abuse Act | First major cyber crime legislation |
| Federal Sentencing Guidelines (1991) | Responsibility on senior management | |
| ECPA | Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 | Made it a crime to invade the electronic privacy of an individual |
| CALEA | Comm Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994 | Amended ECPA. Made wiretaps possible for law enforcement with a court order. |
| Economic Espionage Act of 1996 | Made theft no longer tied to something physical | |
| FISMA | Federal Information Security Management Act | Cyber security requirements for government agencies |
| DMCA | Digital Millennium Copyright Act | Copyright protection is 70 years + 1st major revision added CD/DVD protections |
| USA PATRIOT | USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 | Gave law enforcement and intelligence agencies broader wiretapping authorizations |
| Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (1998) | Made identity theft a crime. Up to 15 years in prison and $250,000 fine. | |
| HIPPA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996) | Regulations for security measures for hospitals, physicians, and insurance companies |
| HITEC | Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 | Amended HIPPA. Updated privacy/security requirements for Business Associates (BAs), requires a written contract known as a business associate agreement (BAA). BAs are directly subject to HIPPA and enforcement actions like a covered entity. HITECH also introduced new data breach notifications. |
| GLBA | Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act | Limits services that banks, lenders, and insurance agencies can provide and information they can share with each other |
| COPPA | Child Online Privacy Protection Act | Seeks to protects children (<13 years old) online |
| FERPA | Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act | Gives students certain privacy rights. Deals with adults >18, and Children in school <18 |
| ITAR | International Traffic in Arms Regulation | Regulates the export of military and defense related technologies |
| EAR | Export Administration Regulations | For commercial use, but may have military applications. |
| Name | Protection Length | |
| Trademarks | 10 Years | |
| Patents | 20 Years | |
| Copyright | 70 Years after the death of the author | |
| Trade Secrets | Until they are leaked. |
List of common symmetric encryption algorithms with their block and key size.
| Name | Block Size | Key Size | Notes |
| AES Advanced Encryption Standard | 128 | 128, 192, 256 | Is Rijndael |
| Rijndael | Variable | 128, 192, 256 | Is AES |
| Blowfish | 64 | 32-448 | Often used in SSH |
| DES Data Encryption Standard | 64 | 56 | |
| Triple DES | 64 | 112-168 | DES 3 times |
| IDEA | 64 | 128 | Used in PGP |
| RC4 Rivest Cipher 4 | Stream Cipher | 40-2048 | Insecure/Not used, used in WEP, WPA, and SSL |
| RC5 Rivest Cipher 5 | 32, 64, 128 | 0-2040 | |
| RC6 Rivest Cipher 6 | 128 | 128, 192, 256 | |
| Skipjack | 64 | 80 | Developed by the NSA and supported key escrow |
| CAST-128 | 64 | 40-128 | |
| CAST-256 | 128 | 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 | |
| Twofish | 128 | 1-256 | |
| ChaCha20 | Stream Cipher | 256 | |
The following is some basic info on STP and RSTP. This list is not comprehensive. Refer to the link at the bottom of the page for more in depth details.
Default Priority is 32768 + VLAN ID
For example, if we are using vlan 10, then our default priority is 32768 + 10 = 32778
RSTP Priority can be set from 0 – 61440 in increments of 4096.
Ports can fill 1 of 4 roles.
| Port Role | Description |
| Root Port | Port closest to the Root Bridge (Switches going to the Root switch) |
| Designated Port | Ports going away from the Root Bridge (To clients) |
| Alternate Port | A “backup” port for the Root port. If the Root Port fails, this port takes over |
| Backup Port | Essentially a backup port for the designated port |
A port can be in one of 3 states. Well technically 4 states if you include down/unplugged.
| Port State | Description |
| Discarding | Port discards packets (Alternate and Backup Ports) |
| Learning | Port learns MACs and doesn’t forward data |
| Forwarding | Port forwards data and learns MACs |
There are 3 port Types. Not to be confused with port States or Roles.
| Port Type | Description |
| Point to Point | Switch to Switch |
| Point to Point Edge | Edge of Network. Connected to a PC, Printer etc. |
| Shared | Half Duplex, Port connected to a Hub |
There are three RSTP timers. STP has the same timers, but the MaxAge is 10 seconds, and the Forward Delay is used for both Learning and Listening states which takes a total of 30 seconds to complete.
| Timer Name | Default Value | Description |
| Hello Timer | 2 Seconds | Time between Hellos created by Root |
| MaxAge | 6 Seconds (Hello Timer * 3) | How long a Switch should wait before trying to readjust the network |
| Forward Delay | 15 Seconds | Delay used for Learning/Listening in STP. Shouldn’t be necessary if legacy bridges are not used. |
There are technically two types of cost. The newer cost values were introduced so we could use faster ethernet speeds.
By default Cisco switches use the old cost values, but they can be changed to use the new ones.
spanning-tree pathcost method long
| Ethernet Speed | Old Cost | New Cost |
| 10 Mbps | 100 | 2,000,000 |
| 100 Mbps | 19 | 200,000 |
| 1 Gbps | 4 | 20,000 |
| 10 Gbps | 2 | 2000 |
| 100 Gbps | N/A | 200 |
| 1 Tbps | N/A | 20 |
More information can be found at the following link.
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/lan-switching/spanning-tree-protocol/24062-146.html