Author Archives: admin

How to Create a NFS Share Server on Slackware

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  1. Create the NFS Share directory. You can change the name “/nfs” to wherever and whatever you want. Just be sure to remember the path and name 
    mkdir /nfs
  2. Add the NFS Share to the /etc/exports file. Change the ip address to your NFS Servers ip address. 
    echo "/nfs 192.168.200.250/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)" >> /etc/exports
  3. Next we chmod /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd and rc.rpc so that they can be executed to start the service 
    chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd
chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.rpc
  4. Start rpc and nfsd 
    /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd start
/etc/rc.d/rc.rpc start
  5. Export the Share 
    exports -a
  6. Connect a Client and have fun

Create an Image of a SD Card

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The following command works on both OS X and Linux.  It creates an image from the SD card called raspi.img which you can later use to clone to another SD Card or just keep as a backup.  It is exceptionally useful for backing up a Raspberry Pi.

Replace “mmcblk0” with your SD cards name.  Take a look at this post if you need help finding the name.

sudo dd if=/dev/mmcblk0 of=~/raspi.img

How to Change, Add, and Delete Users in Linux

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Changing a users name:

sudo usermod -l new-username old-username

To change the users directory name do the following.

 sudo usermod -d /home/new-username

You might need to log in as root or another user to successfully execute the commands.

Adding a user:

sudo useradd -m newuser

The -m option create the new users home directory

Then to activate the user we need to setup a password.

sudo passwd newuser

Enter and reenter the password and your done.

If you need to add the user to a certain group(s) (sudo?) you can do that with usermod

sudo usermod -G sudo,othergroups newuser

 

Deleting a user:

sudo userdel -r username

The “-r” option deletes the users mail and home directory.  If you wanted to keep them then just discard that option.

Installing Raspbian on Raspberry Pi from the Linux Command Line

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First download the Rasbian zip from here.

Unzip the zipped file.

unzip 2014-01-07-wheezy-raspbian.img

You need to find your sdcard name.  If you don’t now how to, take a look at this post.

Next format your card as Fat32.

Now write the image to the sdcard with the following command.  Replace the mmcblk0 part of “of=/dev/mmcblk0” with your drive name.

sudo dd if=~/2014-01-07-wheezy-raspbian.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=4M

It will not display any information until it is finished, so be patience.

Once it is complete, eject it and plug it into your Raspberry Pi and boot it up.

Finding a Drives Name in Linux From the Command Line

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There are a few different ways to find out a drives(sdcard, usb drive, external hard drive) name.

dmesg command

One way to do it is to look at dmesg. Insert your drive and then run the command. It displays a lot of info, what we are interested in is the end which should say something about your drive.

dmesg
[ 4443.109976] mmc0: new high speed SDHC card at address aaaa
[ 4443.111857] mmcblk0: mmc0:aaaa SU04G 3.69 GiB 
[ 4443.120836]  mmcblk0: p1 p2
[ 4453.045338] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): recovery complete
[ 4453.086165] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[ 4453.086184] SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p2, type ext4), uses xattr

This tells us that the device is mmcblk0. The “p2” at the end is the partition number.

df Command

Another way to do it is to run the df command.
Run the below command without your drive plugged in.

df -h

it’ll return something like this

Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora-root   50G   12G   36G  24% /
devtmpfs                 1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                    1.9G  600K  1.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    1.9G  1.0M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                    1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs                    1.9G   28K  1.9G   1% /tmp
/dev/sdb1                477M  115M  333M  26% /boot
/dev/mapper/fedora-home   76G   45G   23G  87% /home

The above command returns all the partitions that are mounted on your computer.
Now mount your drive and run the command again, it should show your drive at the bottom.

[me@fedora ~]$ df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora-root   50G   12G   36G  24% /
devtmpfs                 1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                    1.9G  600K  1.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    1.9G  1.1M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                    1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs                    1.9G   28K  1.9G   1% /tmp
/dev/sdb1                477M  115M  333M  26% /boot
/dev/mapper/fedora-home   76G   45G   23G  87% /home
/dev/mmcblk0p2           3.6G  2.3G  1.1G  69% /run/media/me/fc522c75-9sws

You can see that the bottom one “/dev/mmcblk0p2 ” is the partition of the drive you just plugged in.

Using fdisk

You can also use fdisk.

sudo fdisk -l

It will return something similar to the following.

Disk /dev/mapper/fedora-home: 78.8 GiB, 191931351040 bytes, 374865920 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 3.7 GiB, 3965190144 bytes, 7744512 sectors

The bottom section is the drive “mmcblk0”.

Using lsblk

lsblk is another cool tool to list drives and partions. When run with the -p option it shows the path to the drive and partition.

Example output of what you may get with “lsblk -p”

admin@localhost:~$ lsblk -p
NAME                              MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
/dev/nvme1n1                      259:0    0   450G  0 disk  
├─/dev/nvme1n1p1                  259:1    0   499M  0 part  
├─/dev/nvme1n1p2                  259:2    0   100M  0 part  
├─/dev/nvme1n1p3                  259:3    0    16M  0 part  
└─/dev/nvme1n1p4                  259:4    0 449.3G  0 part  
/dev/nvme0n1                      259:5    0   477G  0 disk  
 ├─/dev/nvme0n1p1                  259:6    0   512M  0 part  /boot/efi
 ├─/dev/nvme0n1p2                  259:7    0   732M  0 part  /boot
 └─/dev/nvme0n1p3                  259:8    0   400G  0 part  
   └─/dev/mapper/vg-root           253:1    0   391G  0 lvm   /
   └─/dev/mapper/vg-swap_1         253:2    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
admin@localhost:~$

How To Make a Live Bootable Fedora Thumb Drive in Linux

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Insert your thumb drive into the computer.

We need to find out where the thumb drive is mounted.  We can do this with the “df” command as shown below or you can find it in dmesg.

So if we run the df command

df -h

It returns something like this

[me@fedora ~]$ df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora-root   50G   11G   37G  23% /
devtmpfs                 1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                    1.9G  1.2M  1.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    1.9G  1.1M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                    1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs                    1.9G   52K  1.9G   1% /tmp
/dev/sdb1                477M  115M  333M  26% /boot
/dev/mapper/fedora-home  176G  125G   42G  75% /home
/dev/sdc1                3.8G  3.2G  592M  85% /run/media/me/136A-7360
[me@fedora ~]$

Note that the bottom one is the thumb drive /dev/sdc1 yours may differ.

Now that we know where the drive is mounted we can write the image to the thumb drive.

Change the path in “if=/” to the path to your Fedora iso and change “of=/” to you thumb drive path

su -c "dd if=/home/me/Downloads/Fedora-Live-x86_64-20-1.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=8M"

It will take a couple of minutes to complete and it will not give you any information until it is finished.

Congratulations, you now have a live working Fedora thumb drive.

How to Restore a WordPress Site from a Backup

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You need to

  1. Upload WordPress Backup Files to server
  2. Restore WordPress Backup
  3. Restore Database Backup

If you need to backup your site then you can use this how to here

1. Upload WordPress Backup Files to server

Use your favorite ftp client(FileZilla?) to upload the MySQL database and WordPress files to the server.  If they are already there skip to step 2.

In Linux you can use the ftp or sftp command.

sftp me@myserverip

once you connected you can upload your backups using put.

put wp-backup.tgz

and

put wp-database.sql.gz

 

2. Restore the WordPress Files

This is super easy because all you have to do is untar the files.  Make sure the file is in the directory that you want WordPress in.

tar -zxvf wp-backup.tgz

3. Restore Database Backup

If your MySQL backup is zipped, unzip it.

gunzip wp-database.sql.gz

We need to create a database to import our backup.  You can change wp_database to what ever you want.

mysql -u username -p

mysql> CREATE DATABASE wp_database;

Import database

mysql -u username -p wp_database < wp-database.sql

 

You should now have a fully functioning WordPress site.

 

How to Backup a WordPress Site from the Command Line

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There are 2 things we need to do when we backup a WordPress site.

  1. Backup the WordPress files
  2. Backup The WordPress database

Backup the WordPress files

We can backup the files with tar by running the following command.  Replace (/Path/to/wpdir) with the actual path.

#  tar -zcvf wp-backup.tgz /Path/to/wpdir/

This can take awhile depending on how big your site is.

Backup the Database

The following command will backup the WordPress database into a gziped sql file.

mysqldump -u username -p[root_password] database_name > wp-database.sql && gzip wp-database.sql

You can find the MySQL Database, username, and password in the wp-config.php file in the wordpress directory

You should now have two files, wp-backup.tgz and wp-database.sql.qz, you’ll need both of these to restore the backup.

How to Install Flash on Linux

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Installing flash on Ubuntu is pretty straight forward.  Type the following command into a terminal and press enter and away you go.

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer

On Fedora need to do the following

(64-bit)

sudo yum install http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1.noarch.rpm -y

(32-bit)

sudo yum install http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-i386-1.0-1.noarch.rpm -y

And install the Adobe Flash web browser plugin.  The first command imports the GPG key for the Adobe Flash plugin repository and the second command installs the plugin itself.

sudo rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux 
sudo yum install flash-plugin -y