The following command works on both OS X and Linux. It creates an image from the SD card called raspi.img which you can later use to clone to another SD Card or just keep as a backup. It is exceptionally useful for backing up a Raspberry Pi.
Replace “mmcblk0” with your SD cards name. Take a look at this post if you need help finding the name.
sudo dd if=/dev/mmcblk0 of=~/raspi.img
sudo usermod -l new-username old-username
To change the users directory name do the following.
sudo usermod -d /home/new-username
You might need to log in as root or another user to successfully execute the commands.
sudo useradd -m newuser
The -m option create the new users home directory
Then to activate the user we need to setup a password.
sudo passwd newuser
Enter and reenter the password and your done.
If you need to add the user to a certain group(s) (sudo?) you can do that with usermod
sudo usermod -G sudo,othergroups newuser
sudo userdel -r username
The “-r” option deletes the users mail and home directory. If you wanted to keep them then just discard that option.
First download the Rasbian zip from here.
Unzip the zipped file.
unzip 2014-01-07-wheezy-raspbian.img
You need to find your sdcard name. If you don’t now how to, take a look at this post.
Next format your card as Fat32.
Now write the image to the sdcard with the following command. Replace the mmcblk0 part of “of=/dev/mmcblk0” with your drive name.
sudo dd if=~/2014-01-07-wheezy-raspbian.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=4M
It will not display any information until it is finished, so be patience.
Once it is complete, eject it and plug it into your Raspberry Pi and boot it up.
There are a few different ways to find out a drives(sdcard, usb drive, external hard drive) name.
dmesg command
One way to do it is to look at dmesg. Insert your drive and then run the command. It displays a lot of info, what we are interested in is the end which should say something about your drive.
dmesg
[ 4443.109976] mmc0: new high speed SDHC card at address aaaa [ 4443.111857] mmcblk0: mmc0:aaaa SU04G 3.69 GiB [ 4443.120836] mmcblk0: p1 p2 [ 4453.045338] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): recovery complete [ 4453.086165] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 4453.086184] SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p2, type ext4), uses xattr
This tells us that the device is mmcblk0. The “p2” at the end is the partition number.
Another way to do it is to run the df command.
Run the below command without your drive plugged in.
df -h
it’ll return something like this
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/fedora-root 50G 12G 36G 24% / devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 1.9G 600K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1.9G 1.0M 1.9G 1% /run tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 1.9G 28K 1.9G 1% /tmp /dev/sdb1 477M 115M 333M 26% /boot /dev/mapper/fedora-home 76G 45G 23G 87% /home
The above command returns all the partitions that are mounted on your computer.
Now mount your drive and run the command again, it should show your drive at the bottom.
[me@fedora ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/fedora-root 50G 12G 36G 24% / devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 1.9G 600K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1.9G 1.1M 1.9G 1% /run tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 1.9G 28K 1.9G 1% /tmp /dev/sdb1 477M 115M 333M 26% /boot /dev/mapper/fedora-home 76G 45G 23G 87% /home /dev/mmcblk0p2 3.6G 2.3G 1.1G 69% /run/media/me/fc522c75-9sws
You can see that the bottom one “/dev/mmcblk0p2 ” is the partition of the drive you just plugged in.
You can also use fdisk.
sudo fdisk -l
It will return something similar to the following.
Disk /dev/mapper/fedora-home: 78.8 GiB, 191931351040 bytes, 374865920 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 3.7 GiB, 3965190144 bytes, 7744512 sectors
The bottom section is the drive “mmcblk0”.
lsblk is another cool tool to list drives and partions. When run with the -p option it shows the path to the drive and partition.
Example output of what you may get with “lsblk -p”
admin@localhost:~$ lsblk -p NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT /dev/nvme1n1 259:0 0 450G 0 disk ├─/dev/nvme1n1p1 259:1 0 499M 0 part ├─/dev/nvme1n1p2 259:2 0 100M 0 part ├─/dev/nvme1n1p3 259:3 0 16M 0 part └─/dev/nvme1n1p4 259:4 0 449.3G 0 part /dev/nvme0n1 259:5 0 477G 0 disk ├─/dev/nvme0n1p1 259:6 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi ├─/dev/nvme0n1p2 259:7 0 732M 0 part /boot └─/dev/nvme0n1p3 259:8 0 400G 0 part └─/dev/mapper/vg-root 253:1 0 391G 0 lvm / └─/dev/mapper/vg-swap_1 253:2 0 7.9G 0 lvm [SWAP] admin@localhost:~$
Insert your thumb drive into the computer.
We need to find out where the thumb drive is mounted. We can do this with the “df” command as shown below or you can find it in dmesg.
So if we run the df command
df -h
It returns something like this
[me@fedora ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/fedora-root 50G 11G 37G 23% / devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 1.9G 1.2M 1.9G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1.9G 1.1M 1.9G 1% /run tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 1.9G 52K 1.9G 1% /tmp /dev/sdb1 477M 115M 333M 26% /boot /dev/mapper/fedora-home 176G 125G 42G 75% /home /dev/sdc1 3.8G 3.2G 592M 85% /run/media/me/136A-7360 [me@fedora ~]$
Note that the bottom one is the thumb drive /dev/sdc1 yours may differ.
Now that we know where the drive is mounted we can write the image to the thumb drive.
Change the path in “if=/” to the path to your Fedora iso and change “of=/” to you thumb drive path
su -c "dd if=/home/me/Downloads/Fedora-Live-x86_64-20-1.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=8M"
It will take a couple of minutes to complete and it will not give you any information until it is finished.
Congratulations, you now have a live working Fedora thumb drive.
Open Visual Studio and open the Package Manager Console. It is under tools / Library Package Manager / Package Manager Console
Install GpgApi by executing the following.
PM> Install-Package GpgAPI
You can use it once it is installed by including it in your “using” statements.
using System; using GpgApi;
You need to
If you need to backup your site then you can use this how to here
1. Upload WordPress Backup Files to server
Use your favorite ftp client(FileZilla?) to upload the MySQL database and WordPress files to the server. If they are already there skip to step 2.
In Linux you can use the ftp or sftp command.
sftp me@myserverip
once you connected you can upload your backups using put.
put wp-backup.tgz
and
put wp-database.sql.gz
2. Restore the WordPress Files
This is super easy because all you have to do is untar the files. Make sure the file is in the directory that you want WordPress in.
tar -zxvf wp-backup.tgz
3. Restore Database Backup
If your MySQL backup is zipped, unzip it.
gunzip wp-database.sql.gz
We need to create a database to import our backup. You can change wp_database to what ever you want.
mysql -u username -p mysql> CREATE DATABASE wp_database;
Import database
mysql -u username -p wp_database < wp-database.sql
You should now have a fully functioning WordPress site.
There are 2 things we need to do when we backup a WordPress site.
Backup the WordPress files
We can backup the files with tar by running the following command. Replace (/Path/to/wpdir) with the actual path.
# tar -zcvf wp-backup.tgz /Path/to/wpdir/
This can take awhile depending on how big your site is.
Backup the Database
The following command will backup the WordPress database into a gziped sql file.
mysqldump -u username -p[root_password] database_name > wp-database.sql && gzip wp-database.sql
You can find the MySQL Database, username, and password in the wp-config.php file in the wordpress directory
You should now have two files, wp-backup.tgz and wp-database.sql.qz, you’ll need both of these to restore the backup.
Installing flash on Ubuntu is pretty straight forward. Type the following command into a terminal and press enter and away you go.
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer
On Fedora need to do the following
(64-bit)
sudo yum install http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-x86_64-1.0-1.noarch.rpm -y
(32-bit)
sudo yum install http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/adobe-release/adobe-release-i386-1.0-1.noarch.rpm -y
And install the Adobe Flash web browser plugin. The first command imports the GPG key for the Adobe Flash plugin repository and the second command installs the plugin itself.
sudo rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux sudo yum install flash-plugin -y
NOTE: This is a post has not been completely tested. So use at your own risk. This text will be removed once the post is completely tested.
What you need
Getting Ready
So first we need to make sure we have a few things installed.
yum install hfsplusutils gparted p7zip dmg2img
on Debian based systems use
sudo apt-get install hfsplus hfsprogs hfsutils gparted p7zip-full
Now that we have all the tools we need we can move on.
Navigate to were your InstallESD.dmg file is. Then run the following command.
7z x InstallESD.dmg
After it is finished cd into the InstallMacOSX.pkg
cd InstallMacOSX
now run
dmg2img InstallESD.dmg
Now you have a new file called InstallESD.img.
Open up Gparted (or your favorite disk tool) and find your thumb drive. Format the drive with a GUID Partition Table and make sure it is HFS+. When it is finished formating, Find the thumb drive and unmount it, and then click restore. It is under the “More actions” button on the top right. Find your InstallESD.img file and click Restore.
You are now finished. Have Fun!